Electricity & Electrons

A journey from inside the atom to understanding how electrons move and generate electricity in wires and circuits — covering voltage, current, resistance, and Ohm's law

How current flows through electrical circuits and how to calculate voltage and resistance — with practical applications in industrial control panels

Why do factories use AC? Where is DC preferred? Sine waves, frequency, RMS values, and rectification explained for industrial engineers

How three-phase power works and why it is the foundation of every factory — star and delta connections, power calculations, and balancing

How transformers work using mutual induction — types, efficiency, and applications in factories and distribution substations

Why factories pay penalties for low power factor and how to fix it with capacitors — active, reactive, and apparent power explained

Electrical shock hazards and how to prevent them — circuit breakers, fuses, grounding, and Lock-Out Tag-Out procedures

Why grounding is the most critical element in electrical protection — types, earth resistance measurement, and IEC standards

How to protect equipment from short circuits and overloads — breaker types, protection relays, and coordination

What is inside an electrical distribution panel? Breakers, contactors, busbars — and how to read single-line diagrams

How capacitors store energy in electric fields and inductors in magnetic fields — with applications in filtering and control circuits

How to select the right wire gauge for the load — industrial cable types, color standards, and cable protection methods

Solar and wind energy in industrial context — PV panels, inverters, energy storage, and grid integration

What a PCB is and how it's designed — layers, traces, pads, vias, and the manufacturing process from schematic to board

Reading and drawing electronic schematics — symbols, nets, values, labels, and connecting microcontrollers to sensors and motors

Installing KiCad and creating your first project — from schematic to board layout and exporting Gerber files for manufacturing

Trace widths, ground planes, and separating analog from digital signals — rules that protect your board from noise and failures

Linear regulators, DC-DC converters, and power filtering — designing stable power for an embedded system in an electrically noisy factory

Gerber files, BOM, and choosing a fab — ordering your board from JLCPCB or PCBWay and soldering SMD and through-hole components

What an embedded system is and how it differs from a computer — microcontroller architecture, memory, peripherals, and clock

Configuring pins as inputs and outputs — reading buttons, driving LEDs and relays, and handling pull-up and pull-down resistors

Analog-to-digital converter ADC — reading temperature, pressure, and current sensors with understanding resolution, noise, and calibration

Three essential protocols for connecting microcontrollers to sensors, displays, and memory — when to use each and how they differ

Microcontroller timers and Pulse Width Modulation — controlling motor speed, LED brightness, and generating precise signals

External and timer interrupts plus FreeRTOS — how a microcontroller responds to multiple events in real-time

Programming ESP32 with WiFi and MQTT — building an IIoT node that reads sensors and sends data to the server wirelessly

Applying everything you learned — designing a PCB and programming an STM32 to read sensors and transmit data via Modbus

A board's journey through the fab step by step: photolithography, chemical etching, lamination, drilling, hole plating, solder mask, and surface finishes

How to confirm a board is truly sound: AOI, X-ray, in-circuit and functional test, IPC acceptance classes, and common assembly defects

Beyond two layers: stackup design, via types, HDI, controlled impedance, and flex, metal-core, and high-frequency boards

Make your own board without waiting for shipping: toner transfer, UV photoresist, and CNC milling, with etching chemistry, safety, and double-sided alignment

A complete reference to PCB fabrication requirements under international IPC standards — quality Classes 1/2/3, minimum design rules, current capacity, surface finishes, clearances, RoHS, and a fab capability matrix

Why traces become transmission lines at high speed, how to control 50/100-ohm impedance, match differential-pair lengths, preserve the return path, and avoid reflections and crosstalk

How to design a board that passes EMC compliance: noise sources, grounding and planes, minimizing loop area, decoupling and filtering, shielding, and practical tricks to pass the EMC test

How to dissipate heat from your board: why heat shortens component life, heat-transfer paths, using copper as a heatsink, thermal vias under chips, heatsinks and thermal interfaces, and MCPCB

How to design a board that is easy and cheaper to build: design for fabrication (DFF), assembly (DFA), and test (DFT), preventing tombstoning, test points, panelization and fiducials, and common DFM mistakes

How to select and source your board components wisely: building the BOM, global distributors (LCSC, Mouser, Digi-Key), JLCPCB Basic parts, part lifecycle and obsolescence, alternates and second sourcing, and avoiding counterfeits

How to avoid a costly respin: reviewing the schematic, layout, and fabrication, structured peer review, the final production package, first bring-up steps, and a complete final checklist

An introduction to JLCPCB free EasyEDA Pro — Standard vs Pro editions, cloud vs desktop, how it compares to KiCad, an interface tour, and creating your first project

How to capture a schematic in EasyEDA Pro: placing parts from the LCSC library, wiring and nets, hierarchical sheets, annotation, and running ERC before moving to the board

From schematic to a real board in EasyEDA Pro: board outline and layers, component placement, interactive routing, setting DRC rules, ground pour, and 3D verification

The EasyEDA Pro library system: the huge LCSC catalog, JLCPCB Basic vs Extended parts and their assembly-cost impact, and how to create a custom symbol, footprint, and 3D model

Turn your EasyEDA Pro design into a real board: generating Gerber, BOM, and CPL, one-click ordering directly from JLCPCB, fab options, SMT assembly, and reviewing the 3D preview

Advanced EasyEDA Pro features: SPICE simulation, differential pairs and length matching, panelization, version control and cloud collaboration, and export/interop with other tools